Análisis del uso de la fiducia mercantil de administración y fuente de pago como herramienta de financiación para pymes en Colombia

El presente trabajo analiza el uso que se ha dado en Colombia a la Fiducia de administración y fuente de pago, especialmente por parte de las Pymes, parte de una descripción del tipo de fiducia y de las Pymes en sí y explora los principales aspectos que rodean este tipo de negocio fiduciario. Se enfoca en los aspectos operativos, contables, tributarios y legales del negocio y muestra las posibles ventajas que puede la Pyme obtener de él. El trabajo pretende ampliar el conocimiento sobre la Fiducia de administración y pagos, busca fortalecer nuestras competencias laborales y llamar la atención, a través de la academia, de los pequeños y medianos empresarios, así como de emprendedores, de las posibilidades que ofrecen este tipo de esquemas fiduciarios. La investigación es de carácter cuantitativo y se apoya en fuentes secundarias de información como fuentes bibliográficas y trabajos de investigación anteriores. El trabajo muestra las ventajas principales que este tipo de negocio tiene para las entidades de crédito y para las Pymes como acreedores de los anteriores y concluye la forma en que este tipo de negocio se está usando actualmente en el país y las posibilidades que ofrece a los Fideicomitentes, en este caso las Pymes, al momento de necesitar este tipo de negocios.This work analyzes how Merchant Administrative Trust has been used as a source of payment especially for Small Business, beginning with a description of this type of trust and the environment of Small Businesses. It focuses in operative aspects, as well as in accounting, tax and legal issues of the Merchant Administrative Trust business and shows the possible advantages Small Business could obtain from it. This work aims to extend the knowledge of the Merchant Administrative Trust business seeks to strengthen job skills and call our attention, through academia, for small and medium entrepreneurs, about the potential of such schemes trust. This research investigation is made in a quantitative way and it gets support from secondary sources of information such as bibliographic and other works of investigation. This work shows the principal advantages that Merchant Administrative Trust business can offer as credit entities and for Small Businesses as creditors. It also concludes how this type of business is being carried out and the possibilities it brings to Small Businesses

Balance de 25 años de jurisprudencia de la Corte Constitucional

La Corte Constitucional de Colombia ha tenido un importante impacto en la vida social, cultural y política del país, a tal punto que, desde su creación, la jurisprudencia de este tribunal se ha convertido en un referente mundial acerca de las diversas materias sobre las que se ha pronunciado . Este libro presenta un balance de la jurisprudencia que durante sus primeros veinticinco años la Corte ha expedido. Con este fin, el magistrado Luis Guillermo Guerrero Pérez y los magistrados auxiliares Miguel Polo Rosero y Claudia Escobar García recogen los trabajos de expertos nacionales e internacionales, funcionarios del Estado y Miembros de la sociedad civil que se presentaron en el XII Encuentro de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, realizado en la ciudad de San Juan de Pasto entre el 27 y el 30 de septiembre de 2017. En ese encuentro, se ratificó que la Corte Constitucional tiene la tarea de velar por la integridad de los compromisos de la Constitución. Los capítulos que conforman este libro ofrecen una mirada multidisciplinaria sobre la eficacia y el impacto de las decisiones de la Corte, específicamente en lo que tiene que ver con la democracia y la participación, el sistema de salud, el sistema pensional, el medio ambiente y el fenómeno discriminatorio con la relación al género y a la condición de discapacidad en Colombia.Bogot

Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial

Background: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Methods: We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries. We randomly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (at a 1:1 ratio) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide (30–50 mg, based on glycaemic response and tolerability) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week, in addition to their standard care. Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment, and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation. We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95% CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30, closed testing for superiority was prespecified. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02465515. Findings: Patients were screened between July 1, 2015, and Nov 24, 2016. 10 793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to groups: 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo. On Nov 8, 2017, it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at least 1·5 years had accrued, and participants returned for a final visit and discontinuation from study treatment; the last patient visit was on March 12, 2018. These 9463 patients, the intention-to-treat population, were evaluated for a median duration of 1·6 years and were assessed for the primary outcome. The primary composite outcome occurred in 338 (7%) of 4731 patients at an incidence rate of 4·6 events per 100 person-years in the albiglutide group and in 428 (9%) of 4732 patients at an incidence rate of 5·9 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·78, 95% CI 0·68–0·90), which indicated that albiglutide was superior to placebo (p<0·0001 for non-inferiority; p=0·0006 for superiority). The incidence of acute pancreatitis (ten patients in the albiglutide group and seven patients in the placebo group), pancreatic cancer (six patients in the albiglutide group and five patients in the placebo group), medullary thyroid carcinoma (zero patients in both groups), and other serious adverse events did not differ between the two groups. There were three (<1%) deaths in the placebo group that were assessed by investigators, who were masked to study drug assignment, to be treatment-related and two (<1%) deaths in the albiglutide group. Interpretation: In patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, albiglutide was superior to placebo with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events. Evidence-based glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists should therefore be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Funding: GlaxoSmithKline

Cabbage and fermented vegetables : From death rate heterogeneity in countries to candidates for mitigation strategies of severe COVID-19

Large differences in COVID-19 death rates exist between countries and between regions of the same country. Some very low death rate countries such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, or the Balkans have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods. Although biases exist when examining ecological studies, fermented vegetables or cabbage have been associated with low death rates in European countries. SARS-CoV-2 binds to its receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As a result of SARS-CoV-2 binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT(1)R) axis associated with oxidative stress. This leads to insulin resistance as well as lung and endothelial damage, two severe outcomes of COVID-19. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is the most potent antioxidant in humans and can block in particular the AT(1)R axis. Cabbage contains precursors of sulforaphane, the most active natural activator of Nrf2. Fermented vegetables contain many lactobacilli, which are also potent Nrf2 activators. Three examples are: kimchi in Korea, westernized foods, and the slum paradox. It is proposed that fermented cabbage is a proof-of-concept of dietary manipulations that may enhance Nrf2-associated antioxidant effects, helpful in mitigating COVID-19 severity.Peer reviewe

Nrf2-interacting nutrients and COVID-19 : time for research to develop adaptation strategies

There are large between- and within-country variations in COVID-19 death rates. Some very low death rate settings such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, the Balkans and Africa have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods whose intake is associated with the activation of the Nrf2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2) anti-oxidant transcription factor. There are many Nrf2-interacting nutrients (berberine, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, quercetin, resveratrol, sulforaphane) that all act similarly to reduce insulin resistance, endothelial damage, lung injury and cytokine storm. They also act on the same mechanisms (mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin, PPAR gamma:Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, NF kappa B: Nuclear factor kappa B, ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases and eIF2 alpha:Elongation initiation factor 2 alpha). They may as a result be important in mitigating the severity of COVID-19, acting through the endoplasmic reticulum stress or ACE-Angiotensin-II-AT(1)R axis (AT(1)R) pathway. Many Nrf2-interacting nutrients are also interacting with TRPA1 and/or TRPV1. Interestingly, geographical areas with very low COVID-19 mortality are those with the lowest prevalence of obesity (Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia). It is tempting to propose that Nrf2-interacting foods and nutrients can re-balance insulin resistance and have a significant effect on COVID-19 severity. It is therefore possible that the intake of these foods may restore an optimal natural balance for the Nrf2 pathway and may be of interest in the mitigation of COVID-19 severity

Pensar la comunicación. Tomo IV

La conmemoración de los 20 años de existencia de la Facultad de Comunicación es el escenario propicio para entregar a la comunidad el cuarto tomo de Pensar la comunicación, propuesta editorial de la Facultad a través de su Centro de Investigación en Comunicación, CIC, cuyo interés se proyecta a dar respuesta a los propósitos de la Universidad de Medellín en materia de investigación, a través de la generación de material tanto de nuevo conocimiento, como de apropiación social del mismo. En esta ocasión, y en consecuencia con el aniversario que nos convoca, la cuarta edición presenta algunas reflexiones en torno a aquellas propuestas académicas e investigativas en su momento arriesgadas, pero sobre todo innovadoras y visionarias que, teniendo a la comunicación como eje medular, han configurado el sello diferencial y exclusivo de nuestra Facultad a nivel local, nacional e internacional. Nos encontramos entonces con textos que exponen en una perspectiva diacrónica, lo que ha sido la configuración teórico-metodológica de los programas de pregrado en Comunicación y relaciones corporativas, Comunicación gráfica publicitaria, Comunicación y lenguajes audiovisuales, y Comunicación y entretenimiento digital, así como del campo de investigación que propone lo político, lo público y lo privado en las relaciones públicas y el gran campo de Mediación y procesos comunicacionales, que recoge las distintas líneas en las que se inscriben las investigaciones realizadas en la Facultad. Por supuesto cada uno de los textos ofrece además de la mirada retrospectiva, el análisis en prospectiva de lo que es hoy y muy probablemente pueda ser el futuro de cada una de estas apuestas académicas e investigativas. No cabe la menor duda de que este juicioso ejercicio de revisión y reflexión del quehacer de la Facultad de comunicación de la Universidad de Medellín durante estos primeros 20 años, es un aporte significativo a esa necesaria labor de construcción de la memoria institucional a partir de tan innovadoras formas de acceder al objeto de estudio de la comunicación, que habrá de impactar diversos ámbitos de la sociedad